Irony and other parts of speech

1=IronyIt is a figure of speech that is used instead for
It is a figure of speech expressing the opposite ofanother to replace a noun, word or phrase with
the literal meanings of the word to the reader andwhich it is closely related and linked. It is also
audience. It is main weapon of humorous writers.oratorical tactic of describing something indirectly
It is always based on contradiction and usesby referring to things around it. When we say
sarcastic humour. It is the congruous use ofthat the president house has announced that
words phrases characters or situations. In sometomorrow would be a holiday, it is not the building
writings the very plot is ironic. It depicts theof the president house but the president who is
disparity that produces or is able to inducedeclaring holiday. A noun is replaced for a noun
laughter. It is difference between what happensthat substitutes the cause of the thing of which
and what is expected to happen. It is the hiddenwe speak. We substitute the inventor for his
reality of many characters. It is a tool to createinvention, the container for the thing it contains
fun and laughter. Not only the words but manywriter with his work, the sign for the thing it
ironic things are embedded in the diction toindicates and the cause for the effect.  The
decorate the language. It is defined as thereplaced word draws from its meaning in the
statement of a thing that means quite oppositecontext it is used by the association.
to the said. If irony taunts and ridicule it is called7=Synecdoche
sarcasm. In English prose Jane Austen deftly usesIt is figure of speech that expresses meanings
the irony in his novels. Irony is her forte and shewith a part instead of whole word or definition, as
uses all kinds of this figure of speech in herwe mean boat from the sail. It is sometime
novels. Many ironic situations and characters areopposite of the part. The complete expresses the
juxtaposed before the reader to differentiatemeanings of the part. His clean hands and pure
between them. great writer of all the times haveheart would be able to bear the brunt of the
used irony to adore their works .Shakespeare,circumstances, here clean hands and pure soul
Marlow, Bernard Shaw and many more have setstands for a person. We often use flesh and
up examples of irony for the posterity.blood for a man in our daily communication.
2=Litotes or Meiosis8=Eponymy
It is a Greek term that is used to understate aIt is derived from the Greek epōnumos "which
thing for magnifying the other. It belongs to themeans ‘given as a name, its literal meanings
species of irony. The true magnitude of an ideaare "name on," from the word ‘onuma' that
event or fact is minimised or even not stated.means "name." It is a part synecdoche in which an
Wordsworth uses this method to show his worthindividual indicate the whole nation. It is also name
as a poet and weakness of the language andof a mythical character or a person from which
words.other name is derived. "Rome" is an eponym of
But she is in her grave, and, oh,"Romulus."
The difference to me!9=Merismus
3=EuphemismMerismus is a figure of speech that is a blend of
It is of Greek origin and means speaking fair.parts of the whole to communicate its entirety. All
Unpleasant embarrassing and frightening facts arethe offspring of animals; offspring of the human
concealed behind it. It is word or phrase that isbeings offspring of every living creature are dear
less blunt and rude or terrifying. That is why weto their parents.
say for a dead person that he has passed away,10=Personification
or has kicked the bucket. Other functions of thisA variety of figurative and metaphorical language
figure of speech are to conceal the references toin which things or ideas are treated as if they
sexuality, bodily functions. It is cultured way ofwere human beings is termed as personification.
abusing or taunting others. We conceal the blatantThey are shown possessing human attributes and
and offensive language under its cloak.are shown as walking talking and behaving like
4=Antithesishuman beings. It might be a short momentary
Literally it means direct and exact opposite,effect like Tennyson trees which laid their dark
contrast and reverse of a word. It is a term thatarms about the field or might be an extended
denotes the use of direct opposite words orimage like those of Keats personification in his ode
phrases. It is a Greek word with the sameto autumn. It is the oldest figure of speech and
meaning as exact opposite. It is use ofwas used in the ancient literature. The moral plays
contrasting words to balance their reciprocaldepict the sins and virtues in the shape of men
effect in a piece of writing. It is coincidence ofand women. Different objects and concepts are
opposing and contrasting ideas in writing forrepresented as persons. William Wordsworth in his
expressing balance and symmetry of meanings. It‘the prelude' personifies the nature and natural
is a direct variation in which two sets of figuresobjects.
are set in opposition to each other. Its examples11=Apostrophe
are light and darkness, happiness and grief, profitA Greek term that came into use in English in
and loss etc.16th century literally means ‘turned away'. It
5=Ellipsisoriginated from the word ‘apostrophos', and
It is figure of speech that does not add but‘apostrephein "It is an extension of
exclude certain words from the writing and thispersonification in which the writer addresses the
exclusion or omission adds colour to the writing. Itthing he has personified. It is also a digression
is of Greek origin and means leaving out. It is thefrom the main conversation or topic.
omission of one or more words from a sentence12=Pseudo Oxymoron
that is easily understood by the reader from theAs the term itself expresses, it is not the
context. I read a novel but my friend did not.standard oxymoron but appears naturally or
‘Read the novel' are omitted words that areaccidentally. The writer has no intension to use
automatically understood by the reader. It is anoxymoron but it happened to be an oxymoron.
incomplete sentence as far as grammatical rulesThe standard oxymoron in intentional and the
are concerned but are more suggestive thancontradiction shown is deliberate but pseudo
words. These enable and incite a reader to use hisoxymoron is not. These are used in every day
sense and sensibility to comprehend the mainlanguage and create a better effect on the
ideas.reader. Its examples are friendly fire, pretty ugly,
6=Metonymyopen secret, dead lives.